Serbia is currently reassessing its long-term energy strategy, with a renewed focus on nuclear power as a key element of future energy planning. This shift follows the repeal of a 35-year moratorium on constructing nuclear power plants, prompting discussions among policymakers and energy specialists about how to incorporate nuclear technology into the national electricity framework. The aim is to enhance energy security, lower carbon emissions, and replace outdated coal-fired power generation.
Three main avenues are being explored for Serbia’s involvement in nuclear energy, as outlined by Dalibor Arbutina, acting director of JP Nuklearni objekti Srbije. One option is to invest in an international nuclear project, such as acquiring a minority equity stake of 5–10 percent in the Paks II Nuclear Power Plant in Hungary. This facility, which is currently under construction near the Danube River, is seen as a strategic investment in low-carbon energy. By participating in such a project, Serbia could acquire operational experience and technological knowledge without bearing the entire financial burden of developing its own plant.
Another possibility being evaluated is the deployment of small modular reactors (SMRs). SMR technology has gained traction globally due to its lower upfront costs, modular scalability, and quicker construction timelines compared to traditional large reactors. Although SMRs are still emerging from initial commercial projects worldwide, they present flexibility in location and could potentially be integrated into existing power grids or sites where fossil-fuel plants are set to be decommissioned. However, some critics point out that SMRs have not yet been widely proven in long-term service and may necessitate comprehensive regulatory and infrastructure advancements before they can be implemented.
The third option involves building a conventional large-scale nuclear power plant within Serbia. This approach would require selecting a technology provider and strategic partner capable of delivering a multi-gigawatt facility that could serve as a cornerstone for Serbia’s baseload generation over the coming decades. Conventional reactors, like the VVER-type designs offered by international manufacturers, have extensive operational histories and can generate substantial amounts of stable, low-carbon electricity once they become operational. Nonetheless, constructing such a facility demands significant capital investment—often amounting to billions of euros—and requires robust regulatory frameworks and safety oversight.
Experts suggest that Serbia should ideally pursue all three options either sequentially or concurrently if conditions allow. Engaging in an existing regional project could build expertise and familiarity; SMRs might provide immediate deployment flexibility; and establishing a domestic nuclear plant could ultimately secure reliable baseload capacity for Serbia’s energy system.
This strategic evaluation aligns with broader changes in Serbia’s energy policy. The National Assembly’s amendment to the energy law that lifted the nuclear ban has set the legal groundwork for nuclear development. A preliminary technical study conducted with international partners has also explored potential scenarios for integrating nuclear generation over a 15–20 year period. These reforms reflect Serbia’s objectives to diversify its energy sources, reduce reliance on coal, and enhance energy sovereignty amid regional neighbors like Hungary, Slovenia, and Romania that already operate nuclear facilities.
As discussions progress, critical decisions will need to address not only technology selection and financing models but also regulatory readiness, workforce training for long-term operation and safety management, along with public acceptance of nuclear power as part of Serbia’s future energy landscape. Facing climate commitments and the eventual phase-out of coal-fired power plants, officials recognize that the timing and approach to integrating nuclear energy will significantly shape Serbia’s energy transition over the next decade.
